Generally, smaller lutein particles are thought to dissolve into lipids and to micellarize more efficiently than larger size particles, and also to absorb more efficiently than larger size particles. In addition, the physiochemical properties of lutein crystals, such as their size, play a role in the bioavailability. The hydrophobic lutein and zeaxanthin carotenoids are absorbed into the small intestine in micellarized forms, and their bioavailability is affected by many factors such as gut health, genotype, and dietary lipid components taken in combination with these carotenoids. Humans are not able to synthesize lutein and zeaxanthin, so we have to obtain them from dietary sources such as green leafy vegetables or from supplements.
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A multi-center, randomized trial investigating the progression from an early stage of age-related maculopathy to advanced AMD, has revealed a prophylactic effect of lutein- and zeaxanthin-containing anti-oxidative supplements, at least for the quintile with the lowest dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin. These light protection effects of macular pigment help prevent age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a major cause of legal blindness in aged people. It also works as an antioxidant that may protect against light-induced oxidative damage in the retina via quenching of oxygen radicals. It absorbs blue light and acts as a filter that might attenuate photochemical damage of the retina from blue light exposure. The yellow human macular pigment consists of three carotenoids, lutein ((3R,3’R,6’R)-lutein), zeaxanthin ((3R,3’R)-zeaxanthin), and meso-zeaxanthin ((3R,3’S meso)-zeaxanthin). This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no further patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. PSB, WG, and the University of Utah hold the patent for resonance Raman measurement of carotenoids in the human eye (Method and system for measurement of macular pigment levels, U.S.
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The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have the following interests: Study supplements were provided free of charge by Koyo Mercantile Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedĭata Availability: All relevant data are available in the paper and its Supporting Information filesįunding: PS Bernstain received grants of NIH (EY11600, EY14800) and an unrestricted departmental grant to the Moran Eye Center by Research to Prevent Blindness.
Received: Accepted: SeptemPublished: October 9, 2015Ĭopyright: © 2015 Obana et al.
PLoS ONE 10(10):Įditor: Gianni Virgili, University of Florence, ITALY Citation: Obana A, Tanito M, Gohto Y, Okazaki S, Gellermann W, Bernstein PS (2015) Changes in Macular Pigment Optical Density and Serum Lutein Concentration in Japanese Subjects Taking Two Different Lutein Supplements.
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